Jane Austen Critical Analysis - 1220 Words

There is a difference between a good book that simply entertains the reader, and a good book that impacts the reader. What an author chooses to focus on in their writing can be the factor that outlines the difference between the two. An author’s style outlines the differences that set them apart from other authors. Writing style is also what defines the author and characterizes their writing. Style often remains unchanged and reflects a writer’s beliefs which are often displayed through their work’s content or theme. In the case of Jane Austen, an eighteenth-nineteenth century novelist, writing style and theme are two things she is most admired and remembered for. Austen’s main themes encompass her views of the roles and values of women,†¦show more content†¦As writing did tend to be a male dominated field, a woman author, in this instance Austen, had limited options, not of what she could write but in exactly how she chose to express her opinions or ideas in her writing if she wanted to avoid controversy. â€Å"Austen continued to negotiate the perils of appearing to be too independent or critical of her patriarchal culture while still asserting her own voice within the novels themselves. On the level of plot, Austen subverted her somewhat progressive themes by working within a well-known framework. She inherited the form of the traditional marriage plot, where a heroine’s ultimate goal was to marry the ideal man and live happily ever after, from previous romance novelists† (Eberle, 3). The view of society was that even in an instance where a woman was fully capable of taking care of herself, she would always have vulnerabilities where as a man was viewed to have few to none. In Austen’s day and age men were most often considered to be superior to women socially, economically and intellectually. Pride and prejudice had much evidence of these inequalities. Men were the only ones entitled to inherit prop erty as demonstrated in the Bennet’s main dilemma with Mr. Collins being the designated inheritor of the Bennet estate over the Bennet daughters. In Darcy and Elizabeth’sShow MoreRelated A Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Essay examples1591 Words   |  7 PagesA Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Throughout Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice , there are many references to the unusual character of Elizabeth Bennet ; she is seen to be an atypical female during those times. Wit , bravery , independence , and feminist views all describe a most extraordinary model for women. Pride and Prejudice is a humorous novel about the trials of marrying well in the early eighteenth century. ItRead MoreJane Austen s All About Jane1442 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Jane Jane Austen may be a name that is known by everyone, however, many do not know about the personal experiences that led her to write the significant literature that she is known for today. Jane Austen lived a very successful life. Born on December 16, 1775, Jane Austen’s novels about life in England in the eighteenth century very well influenced by her own childhood. As a young girl, she grew up in a household with six brothers and one sister, her mother, Cassandra Leigh Austen, and herRead MoreEssay on Jane Austen Novels: Success After Death1679 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen Novels: Success after Death Chuck Leddy, a notable critic, stated Upon her death in 1817, English novelist Jane Austen was completely unknown in the literary world. Why would someone as brilliant as Jane Austen not be world known? By 1817, Austen had already published one of her masterpieces Sense and Sensibility, and it seemed to not bring in as much success as it would later on in life. But the dry spell would eventually end. Two hundred years after Jane Austens death, her booksRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Pride and Prejudice Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesPride and Prejudice The characters and general setting in Jane Austens; Pride and Prejudice, portray life in the rural society of the day. Austen is very clear in setting up the social classes of the characters and immediately portrays why the book is titled Pride and Prejudice. Though the more specific example of Pride and Prejudice is that of Elizabeth and Darcy, and how they first view each other. There initial feelings towards one another set the plot of the novel. It is this constantRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen994 Words   |  4 Pages8/24/15 Pride and Prejudice Letter Analysis In Jane Austen s dialogue heavy novel Pride and Prejudice, much of each page is consumed by in depth conversations between her characters; only infrequently does she break to a narrative to make asides about the story. With a style of writing such as this, it is quite difficult as a writer to portray the private inner thoughts of characters. In order to provide this necessary element of inner character thought, Jane Austen makes use of written letters toRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Emma By Jane Austen1648 Words   |  7 PagesRachel :)))) Mrs. Keyes AP Literature 12 8 December 2015 A Literary Analysis of Emma by Jane Austen In Jane Austen’s novel, Emma, protagonist Emma avoids her own transformation by her attempts to transform others. However, Emma experiences her coming-of-age through the stable characters of those around her. Austen reveals how self-transformation is necessary in maturing and establishing self-awareness. Emma Woodhouse possesses qualities that many would envy: beauty, intelligence, wealthRead More Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre: Love and Characterization2663 Words   |  11 Pagesmore reserved. Though a love can be expressed differently, this does not mean the people involved love each other any less. There are countless novels that focus on the love between characters, and each character loves differently. In Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester and Jane have an impassioned affair, this affair is cut short by Jane’s realization that Mr.Rochester already has ties to another woman. In Pride and Prejudice, it is clear that Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy love each other very deeplyRead MoreFeminist Undertones in Pride and Prejudice2078 Words   |  9 PagesFEMINIST UNDERTONES IN ‘PRIDE AND PREJUDICE’ Introduction Jane Austen authored the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813, a period in the social history of England that saw most women as best equipped for the private and domestic realm. An ideal woman was the picture of chastity, innocence and compliancy. Even women authors in this period were expected to adhere to genres that were considered to be solely their domain- the refined arts, householdRead MorePride and Prejudice: Influences on Society1873 Words   |  8 PagesAs Jane Austen says, â€Å"a lady’s imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony in a moment. I knew you would be wishing me joy† (26). Today, for most people, love comes first in the process of matrimony— followed by the actual marriage. Women living in the 1800s have only wealth in mind when deciding who to marry; which is entirely different from individuals today, who consider various aspects of a person other than material objects. In Jane Aust en’s PrideRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1702 Words   |  7 Pageswhile reciprocally, men are hoping to find a wife for a potential financial benefit or property gain. Unfortunately, love is simply considered to be a bonus and Austen is horrified by this lack of consideration of people being unable to find their true loves because they are so focused on material circumstances. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen illuminates the literary theme of marriage by contrasting extrinsic motivation with romantic connections through the relationships between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet

Why Are University Writing Courses Required For College...

Why are university writing courses required for college students? Throughout the United States, most college students are required to take a writing course within their first year. It has been debated that this class is only useful to those students within a writing based major. University writing courses offer useful information and techniques to all students. This information can be beneficial to all students and is not major specific. University writing courses present techniques which students can apply within a professional environment such as forwarding, countering, and the idea that writing is context dependent. Through the application of appropriate concepts from a university writing course, students can become overall better writers within their specialized major. College students must endure the heavy workload that comes with each of the classes that they take. While these classes all require different skills to be successful in them, they also share some of the same required skills as well. One of the most important skills to have as a student is to have strong reading and writing skills. While students may use mathematics, problem solving, and reasoning skills, the most important skill they will use is writing. Students often question why they need to take a university writing course. Statements such as, â€Å"Why do I need to take another writing course?† or â€Å"How is this going to help me with my major† can often be heard by students. You tooShow MoreRelatedGeneral Education Courses: No Need for Them Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesEducation Courses: No Need for Them General Education courses may be one of the most hated requirements in college by students. These courses are required amongst all college students regardless of one’s major or minor. General Education courses may vary with schools but usually consist of: the arts and humanities, social science, natural science, mathematics, and writing. These courses should be optional; students should be able to take them at their own interest such as with elective courses. WithoutRead MoreMy Career Goals For A Surgical Missionary1256 Words   |  6 Pagesevery class is going to require some type of writing at some point. Furthermore, in the fall of 2017, I plan on attending the University of Alabama and majoring in International Studies while on the pre-med track. Therefore, good college level writing is a skill that I need to develop now if I hope to reach my future career goals and be successful throughout my entire college experience. That is why throughout this semester I have been ha ppy to see my writing improve as I have demonstrated my abilityRead MoreGraduation Speech : School, Middle School And High School870 Words   |  4 Pagesshare one thing in common; they offer the same basic history, math, English, science, and social science course. By the time high school comes around students have already learned the same things again but only this time it is harder and more in depth. College becomes a time that a student really begins to learn about what they want to do with the rest of their lives. When applying to college, applicants don’t apply to learn math, English, history, and science. They apply to learn just math, EnglishRead MoreHow The Writing Composed Within Academic Settings Can Best Be Described?1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe writing composed in academic settings can best be described as demonstrate what we have learned. 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When students graduate from high school and enter college, they will be shocked by the fact that most colleges expect students to be able to write serious academic papers of at least

Effect of Lemongrass free essay sample

Third world connotes a certain level of economic condition that somehow pushed and motivated some Filipinos to look alternative ways to economize in almost every aspect of life to survive. One of the biggest problems of our country is the fast spread of diseases such as dengue fever. Dengue fever is caused by mosquitoes. It is a common knowledge that mosquitoes came from wrigglers. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and joint pain, swollen glands (lymphadenopathy), and rash. And so, to prevent these mosquitoes from multiplying rapidly, this research aims to discover practical and natural way of terminating these pests. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted towards the effectiveness of lemongrass and pandan water extracts in reducing wriggler’s life span. Specifically, it was geared to: 1. Determine if lemongrass and pandan can be an effective tool in preventing the fast development of wrigglers. 2. Compare the life span of wrigglers in the treatments with lemongrass and pandan water extracts against the treatment with water only. 3. Compare the mortality rate of wriggler’s in the treatments with lemongrass and pandan water extracts against the treatment with water only. Hypotheses: 1. Lemongrass and pandan can be an effective tool in preventing the fast development of wrigglers. 2. The life span of wrigglers in the treatments with lemongrass and pandan water extracts is lesser against the treatment with water only. 3. One hundred percent of the wrigglers in the treatment with lemongrass and pandan water extracts will be dead. Significance of the Study It was stated earlier that one of the best ways in controlling pests is through the use of insecticides or pesticides. These pest-controlling products are mainly made up of chemicals. But, there is a serious effect in our environment when it comes to the improper use of these chemicals. It contributes to air pollution and is harmful to everyone’s health. It is, therefore, significant to use alternatives and practical ways to stop use of chemicals and learn to make use of them in such a way that our environment as well as our health will not be affected. Scope and Limitation The scope of this study is to use pandan and lemongrass as alternative control method for chemical insecticides in controlling the development of mosquito larvae in our environment and household. The experiment was conducted in San Pablo City National High School from November to December 2010. Definition of Terms Mortality rate- is a measure of the number of deaths in some population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time Lemongrass is a commercially-viable plant that is cultivated mainly for the fragrance that it produces Pandan most predominantly used in the Southeast Asian cooking and is upright with fan shaped sprays like structure of leaves that are narrow and blade-like Life span is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given. Lemongrass is native to Malaysia, and is an important ingredient in Southeast Asian cooking. It is a tender perennial with a mild lemony fragrance and a lemon-citrus type taste. The stalks are too tough to eat, but they can be chopped and pounded to add flavor to fish or poultry sauces, and stir fry. It has long, thin, sharp grass-like gray-green leaves, and a scallion-like base. It grows to up to 6 feet under ideal conditions in the tropics, and to about 3 feet in more northerly climates, so use it as a mid to back of the border plant. It makes a nice contrasting backdrop for most any shorter annual or perennial flower or herb. It is native to India. It is widely used as an herb in Asian cuisine. It has a citrus flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. Lemongrass is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also suitable for poultry, fish, and seafood. Lemongrass oil is used as a pesticide and a preservative. Research shows that lemongrass oil has anti-fungal properties. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) Pandanus a. is a genus of monocots with about 600 known species. Plants vary in size from small shrubs less than 1  metre (3. 3 ft) tall, up to medium-sized trees 20  metres (66 ft) tall, typically with a broad canopy and moderate growth rate. The trunk is stout, wide-branching, and ringed with many leaf scars. They commonly have many thick prop roots near the base, which provide support as the tree grows top-heavy with leaves, fruit, and branches. The leaves are strap-shaped, varying between species from 30  centimetres (12 in) up to 2  metres (6. 6 ft) or more long, and from 1.   centimetres (0. 59 in) up to 10  centimetres (3. 9 in) broad. It is a tropical plant in the screwpine genus which is known commonly as pandan and is used widely in Southeast Asian cooking as a flavoring. The plant is rare in the wild but is widely cultivated. It is an upright green plant with fan-shaped sprays of long, narrow, bladelike leaves and woody aerial roots. The plant is sterile, flowers only very rarely, and is propagated by cuttings. The leaves are used either fresh or wilted, and are commercially available in frozen form in Asian grocery stores in nations where the plant does not grow. They have a nutty, botanical fragrance which enhances the flavor of Indonesian, Singaporean, Filipino, Malaysian, Thai, Bangladeshi, Vietnamese and Burmese foods, especially rice dishes and cakes. In the Philippines, pandan leaves are being cooked along with rice to incorporate the flavor and smell to it. As can be observed, the uses of the pandan are not limited to cooking uses. Its leaves and roots are found to have medicinal benefits. Such parts of the plant have been found to have essential oils, tannin, alkaloids and glycosides, which are the reasons for the effective treatment of various health concerns. It functions as a pain reliever, mostly for headaches and pain caused by arthritis, and even hangover. It can also be used as antiseptic and anti-bacterial, which makes it ideal for healing wounds. In the same manner, a preparation derived from the bark of this plant may be used to address skin problems. Many people have also discovered that it is an effective remedy for cough. In India, pandan leaves are being used to treat skin disorders like leprosy and smallpox. In Hawaii, pandan flowers are being chewed by mothers who later give the chewed flowers to their children, as laxative. The juice extracted from pounded roots of this tree is used and mixed with other ingredients to ease chest pains. Also, it is used as tonic for women who have just given birth and who are still in weak states. Pandan flowers have also been traced with characteristics that function as aphrodisiac. Pandan also manifests anti-cancer activities, and that is why modern researches in the United States have subjected this plant for further experiments and investigation (http://www. philippineherbalmedicine. org/pandan. htm). Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Mosquito is a common insect in the family Culicidae. Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family Tipulidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the casual observer. They go through four stages in their life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago. Adult females lay their eggs in standing water, which can be a salt-marsh, a lake, a puddle, a natural reservoir on a plant, or an artificial water container such as a plastic bucket. The first three stages are aquatic and last 5–14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature; eggs hatch to become larvae, then pupae. The adult mosquito emerges from the pupa as it floats at the water surface. Adults live for 4–8 weeks. There are about 3,500 species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. In some species of mosquito, the females feed on humans, and are therefore vectors for a number of infectious diseases affecting millions of people per year. The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, Chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax. The mosquito originated in Africabut is now found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Aedes aegypti is a vector for transmitting yellow fever. Understanding how the mosquito detects its host is a crucial step in the spread of the disease. Aedes aegypti are attracted to chemical compounds that are emitted by mammals. These compounds include ammonia, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and octenol. Scientists at the Agricultural Research Service have studied the specific chemical structure of ocentol in order to better understand why this chemical attracts the mosquito to its host. They found that the mosquito has a preference for â€Å"right-handed† octenol molecules. The term â€Å"right-handed† refers to the specific orientation of the molecule, which can either be â€Å"right-handed† or â€Å"left –handed. † This discovery helps scientists understand how the mosquito seeks out its host and may enable them to develop more effective forms of mosquito repellant.

Child abuse and Neglect

Question: Discuss about the Child abuse and Neglect. Answer: Introduction: Child abuse is the maltreatment in which a child is physically, sexually and emotionally harassed or neglected either by parents or caregiver. The actions and failure to act by the parents or the caregivers would result in physical harm, emotional or psychological distress (Damashek and Chaffin 2012). The child maltreatment includes the neglect, physical or sexual abuse, emotional abuse or exploitation (Sperry and Widom 2013). According to World Health Organization, child abuse is defined as the physical and emotional ill treatment, negligence or exploitation that affects the childs health, development, survival or dignity in context to relationships with parents or caregivers (World Health Organization 2014). World Health Organization recognizes child abuse as a major global problem that is impairing the lifelong physical and mental well being affecting their physical and social development (Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzendoorn 2013). World Health Organization has d eveloped step wise policy development to prevent child abuse or neglect. There are several phases for the development of policy for child abuse or neglect. There are three main phases involving the planning, designing and leading of the policy, formulation of the policy, approval and proper endorsement of the policy tools (Gerston 2014). The policy development requires workforce, alternate care for children, and better access to resources of health to the children and the families for the implementation of protective services that are effective for the children (Hill 2014). The policy area also focuses on the justice system operating towards the victims of child abuse or health. The part one is the setting up the scene for studying the importance of development of policies for the child abuse or neglect. This phase also covers the relation of the policy to legislation, general considerations regarding the scope and demand for the child abuse or neglect prevention policy (Anderson 2014). It also takes into account the existing policies on child abuse or neglect mainstreaming and generation of policy on child abuse or neglect. The part two is the actual development of policy in response to child abuse or neglect (Birkland 2014). In the phase one, the initiation of the process of policy development takes place. It is a multi stage process. Firstly, there is assessment of the situation. It includes the statistics, global burden of child abuse or neglect and the overall scenario of child abuse affecting globally. Secondly, after the assessment, there is creation of awareness regarding the child abuse or neglect. During the third step, there is identification of l eadership and political commitment. The fourth step consists of the involvement of the stakeholders and creation of ownership. The phase two encompasses of the formulation of the policy (Kickbusch and Gleicher 2012). This phase consists of three steps; the first step comprises of the defining the framework, the second step is the setting of objectives and goals and the selection of intervention strategies to prevent the child abuse or neglect and the third step is the ensuring of the policy leading to action. The third phase is the seeking of approval from different stakeholders, government and endorsements from the state. Set up of the scene Child abuse is a serious offence and thousands of children fall a prey to abuse or neglect. Victims of child abuse suffer difficulties in their lives and hamper their physical, emotional and psychological development. The children are the foundation of a future generation and their disrupted development would greatly affect the development on a national level. The children who are under the age of 18 years experience physical, sexual and emotional maltreatment, negligence and exploitation that potentially affect the health, development, survival and dignity in children. About 14 million children are subjected to abuse as reported by International Statistics on child abuse (Pipe, Lamb, Orbach and Cederborg 2013). Global awareness is required in context to child abuse and World Health Organization is taking initiatives through the meetings, setting up of policies and different prevention strategies on child abuse or neglect. The child abuse related rules and regulations are being addresses by every country to create awareness, take steps to prevent it by sharing common objectives, visions and strategies (Allwood and Widom 2013). The main focus is the formulation of policies which focuses the attention on the child abuse or neglect issue to obtain optimum resources that are required to address the issue. The policy development should also lead to the appropriations of the legislatives and making of a solid budget for allocation. The child abuse policy would initiate community and national level interventions that would avoid the overlapping and gaps in the development of programs. The policy on child abuse or neglect is basically a written document that mentions the joint actions taken by the government and nongovernmental organizations. The policy is made with an intention to create awareness, mutual understanding about the seriousness of the present situation on child abuse, articulation of the ethical principles that clearly states and justify the guide action (Blank and Burau 2013). It also generates vision on the undertaken actions, action framework, and the definition of institutional responsibilities and coordination mechanisms that engages a variety of organizations. It is considered as a set of principles that guide the decision making and proposed framework for the activities. Concisely, the child abuse or neglect policy is a document that chalks out the basic principles, defining goals, objectives, actions that are prioritized, mechanisms for controlling and preventing the child abuse or neglect injuries and reduction of the related physical and men tal consequences. The child abuse is measured in a range of situations that define the reasons. The emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, family violence and sexual abuse are the types of child abuse. The emotional abuse is the emotional and psychosocial abuse of the child. Some parents are emotionally abuse or be violent while treating their children. Children can be emotionally abused at homes as well as in schools. In Australia, child neglect refers to the situations in which the childs needs are not fulfilled by the parents or the caregivers in context to food, shelter, and clothing, access to medical care, love, support and education. The physical abuse in Australia is encountered in domestic violence in Australia and parents physically abuse their children. The Australian community is raising recognition in terms of child abuse or neglect. The policy is related to legislation as it gets ratified in becoming the part of the legislation. The introduction of new laws that formulate a policy establishing a system at the national level for the prevention of child abuse or neglect and the development of the policy is the most important step (Widom, Czaja and DuMont 2015). The only difference lies between a policy and legislation is that policy is not a legal document and legislation consists of laws enacted by law makers. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child imposes implications for the protection of child from abuse or neglect. The policy document signing shows the willingness of the countries to abide by the proposed set goals and principles. The ratification and signing of international treaty that provides a framework that is legal and applied to governments at the national levels that helps in increasing the accountability, policy development, legislative reform and provide a supportive environment f or the child abuse or neglect prevention. The civil societies also use the international agreements to advocate reformations in the laws for the countries. The World Health Assembly resolutions are adopted by regional committees, World Health Organization in the making of policy by the policy makers that lays the foundation for political support in making of national policies. The health sector plays an important role in taking care for the child abuse victims and not necessarily considering the prevention of the child abuse or neglect. The leadership role comprises of the assessment of the initial situation, raising awareness among the government partners, advocate and create, draft policies. The ministry of health collects data from the sectors and provides evidence based research is the catalytic role. The coordinating role is the main function to overcome the barriers that are institutional between the sectors and provide a collaborative environment. It also provides a supportive role by improving the hospital based data for better monitoring of the evaluation methods. If the political leaders are made aware regarding the seriousness of the child abuse or neglect problem, then the ground is set for the creation of national policy on the child abuse or neglect. Development of policy in response to child abuse or neglect The execution of policy development occurs in three phases. The initiation of process of policy development and identification of the roles of main stakeholders, the drafting of policy is the second phase and the third phase comprises of the endorsement and official approval of the policy. The phase one comprises of four steps including assessment of the situation, raising awareness, identification of the leadership and political commitments and final step is the involvement of the stakeholders and creation of ownership. The phase two consists of three steps like the defining of the framework, setting of the objectives and interventions and the third step is the leading of the policy into action. Finally, the third phase is the seeking of approval from the government and stakeholder and getting state endorsements (Nanda and Pring 2012). Initiation of process of policy development This phase consists of the assessment of the current scenario with respect to child abuse or neglect, creating awareness for the issue, political sense of leadership and commitment and involvement of stakeholders. For the assessment of a situation, a good understanding is required regarding the epidemiology, intervention, existing policies of child abuse or neglect and a n analysis of stakeholders. This assessment step helps in widening the scope for the directed policy making where every type of child abuse is tackled and linked to the health strategies and plans. The epidemiological assessment is the collection of data at the national level. It gives a clear picture of the incidence of child abuse, causes, risks and other protective factors. The intervention assessment gives a clear view of the existing interventions that are I tended to prevent child abuse or neglect. It also helps to reduce the harmful consequences of the child abuse. The assessment of the existing health policie s, laws and regulations would help to frame the new policy. The implementation of the current policies and the regulations are the important steps involved in it. The analysis of stakeholders would help to throw light on the social environment where the development of the policy is being undertaken. The government departments, institutions and nongovernmental organizations are the potential stakeholders. The raising of awareness about child abuse along with community education and advocacy influences public, policy making opinions and programs that are helpful in mobilizing the policy development process. The leadership and political commitment is required for policy development as the policy stretches beyond a particular sector at the national level. The main leadership quality is to coordinate inputs directed towards policy making. The involvement of stakeholders increases motivation and ownership. It encompasses stakeholders that are empowered to solve the issue for which the policy is being made. Community participation is important to tackle abuse and develop policy. Formulation of policy The defining of framework is the recommended approach to policy documentation, direction and overall shaping of the policy. The goals and objectives of the policy, timeframe and the guiding principles of the policy are defined in this step. It should also justify the policy needs, data recourse, mortality and morbidity related to child abuse. The human rights, equity and social justice, autonomy, dignity and community involvement are the general principles that guide the policy making. The setting of objectives and interventions consists of main body og policy. The outcomes of policy implementation define the objective, requirement of base line data for quantifying objective. The objectives include components of child abuse control based on data, setting of sub objectives to address each type of child abuse, identify relevant I interventions and its effectiveness. It also includes sequence of interventions according to their effectiveness. For the implementation phase, it is importan t to set priorities depending on type of child abuse and other factors in shaping of the policy. Prevention is directed more in reducing violence that leads to child abuse and deciding priorities within the scope of making of policy would define the different stakeholders and appropriate interventions. It is also important to define the responsibilities of the institution and coordination of mechanisms between the national entities and ministries in policy documentation (Petersen, Joseph and Feit 2014). Without proper financial and human resources, the policy cannot be developed. The training, costs for implementation, funding sources from national and international agencies decides the degree of success of the policy. The monitoring and evaluation of the policy drafting is the final step. The evaluation of policy helps to know the loopholes in the policy development. Approval seeking and endorsement This is the final step in the policy development starting with approval from stakeholder and government. A consultative meeting of the stakeholders discussing about structure, content of the policy document with each stakeholder commenting on the draft, discussing the opportunities and constraints in the implementation of policy involves the stakeholder approval. The stakeholders hold an important position in policy making and their approval is vital for implementation. The government approval is important before the policy is recognized by a legislative or state body. The government approval gives advantage to a person or organization within government to play leadership role in the process. The policies are required to be approved by the monitories before the state endorsement. The coordination between several ministries and their commitment is desirable for attaining the highest level of approval in policy making. An officially approved policy document helps to considered being be st and resistant in terms of changing political climate and government. A policy that does not seek approval through different legislative or government body faces failure in the long run. Therefore, approving of policy document would help to implement the policy firmly according to political agenda (Buckley and Nolan 2015). References Allwood, M.A. and Widom, C.S., 2013. Child abuse and neglect, developmental role attainment, and adult arrests.Journal of research in crime and delinquency, p.0022427812471177. Anderson, J.E., 2014.Public policymaking. Cengage Learning. Birkland, T.A., 2014.An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts and models of public policy making. Routledge. Blank, R.H. and Burau, V., 2013.Comparative health policy. Palgrave Macmillan. Buckley, H. and Nolan, C.O., 2015. Recommendations from child abuse inquiries and their impact on policy and practice.CHILDRENS RESEARCH DIGEST, p.4. Damashek, A.L. and Chaffin, M.J., 2012. Child abuse and neglect.Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology. Gerston, L.N., 2014.Public policy making: Process and principles. Routledge. Hill, M., 2014.Policy Process: A Reader. Routledge. Kickbusch, I. and Gleicher, D., 2012.Governance for health in the 21st century. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Nanda, V. and Pring, G.R., 2012.International environmental law and policy for the 21st century. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Petersen, A.C., Joseph, J. and Feit, M. eds., 2014.New directions in child abuse and neglect research. National Academies Press. Pipe, M.E., Lamb, M.E., Orbach, Y. and Cederborg, A.C. eds., 2013.Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial. Psychology Press. Sperry, D.M. and Widom, C.S., 2013. Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective investigation.Child abuse neglect,37(6), pp.415-425. Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. and van IJzendoorn, M.H., 2013. The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,48(3), pp.345-355. Widom, C.S., Czaja, S.J. and DuMont, K.A., 2015. Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Real or detection bias?.Science,347(6229), pp.1480-1485. World Health Organization, 2014. Global status report on violence prevention 2014.

Meaning of Literature

Introduction According to   Baym 2007 in the book, â€Å"The Norton anthology American literature: Beginnings to 1865†, literature is defined as written, spoken, or observable material that holds some meaning that can be interpolated or offer information, explanation about anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific work. Life on its very nature can be defined as part of literature; elements of literature that are observable in human social life include culture, language, symbols, signals, poetry, songs, and dances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In academic circles, literature author’s messages are decoded by readers to get meaning and an in-depth understanding of what the writer wanted to convey using literary theory, using a mythological, sociological, psychological, or historical methodologies. Literature has relevance in human life as it communicate to individuals, societies, its universal and has an impact on human life (Baym, 2007). This paper takes a look at the meaning of literature; it will focus on the issues brought about in the book â€Å"â€Å"The Norton anthology American literature: Beginnings to 1865.† Newspapers and literature Newspapers and periodical can be classified as literature when considering that they address a certain topic in the social, economic, and political arena that talks about the human life, their community and has an impact on their life. Print news are information gotten from paper printed news that come out periodically; in the context of news, the most used print news articles are the newspapers that are produced daily reporting matter of the last 24 hours and sometimes offering some reviews to older news and information. Other than newspapers and other dailies, there are a number of weekly and monthly articles that are being produced reflecting on cert ain matters that transpired in the last week or month; in most cases the articles may be looking at certain aspect in the community say politics, economies, sports or other social happenings (Baym, 2007). The Back of a cereal box literature With changes in culture and generations, the world is facing a new wave of generation that seems to have little relevance to written literature or they are not willing to have written literature. Generation Y is fulfilling their surveillance needs in the most efficient manner in terms of access, costs, and availability; with the above characteristics, free news media has seen a niche market where it can sell its products and services. Free news media offer news in simplified form that is formatted to attract the attention of its target market who happens to be the youth in the current generation as they prepare to grow with the population to their old age. On the other hand, the print news media has maintained a conventional news presentation for mat that seems give preference to national and international news on different matter; they have the space and the time to offer in-depth analysis and sometime experts’ opinion on certain issues.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The format as adopted by print media is more informative than the one addressed by the free news media, however the current generation of youth seems not to be very concerned on quality but consider their personal interests when choosing the material they are going to use for information (Baym, 2007). The situation on the ground portrays that print news media no longer command an increasing market; however their demand is decreasing for the good of free news media. Why are some writings chosen to be in the book and others not When reading the article, (The norton anthology American literature ) book, we note that human beings have diverse cultu res and live in different areas in the globe; this has made them to talk, pronounce, have an accent and stress words differently. Linguistic anthropology concerns itself with the relationship between language and culture of human beings. There are various aspects of human life that language just like any other factor that influence the life of human being touches/ can be used to explain, these areas are participation, reflexivity, voice and chronoscope, circulation, identities, gender sexuality, ideology, text, and grammar. Language is a part and parcel of human life that is developed with ones knowledge or not. It was instilled by our parents after we were born, human beings will copy others in the socialization process; after they have copied them they get identity with the copied tribe or community. These aspects are deeply instilled in the human beings and he is not aware that they define each step that he makes . The kind of language that a person undertakes have a certain bac king from where the person comes from, it can define the back ground of the person; the strong points of interpolation are found in the selection of words, the tone as well and the volume that a person uses to express his needs. In communities that are racists the use of the language that is meant for the majority or the minority can place the individual on either side. One can be identified to belong to a certain race out of the use of works that he adopts and the accent that he is having on the particular language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example the blacks in the United States of America have some words like â€Å"nigger† that have meaning to them and identify them from the larger group. When one is dealing with such a person, you don’t have to ask the tribe or the social setting that he comes from all you need is to listen to hi m talk. The general argument is that by listening to the way a person talks, what works he is stressing and which letters he seems not to pronounce in his reading, one can know the cultural background of the Individual. Stressing some works and relaxing some give different meaning to the same work; this may be giving it verb status or noun. For example by stressing the word produce- mostly said with a raising voice, it may mean the act of producing; thus a verb, when the same is said politely, it means the outcome thus a noun. As one is brought up, through early socialization, the choice of word is learnt and it is interpolated differently by different groups. Other aspects are biologically instilled in the human beings. What are the editors looking for in writing for it to be included as â€Å"literature†? When writing the book the writer seems to be looking for the following human characters that can be derived through literature understanding. Identity Human beings do not live alone but they are social beings. They are there for the each other in times of need and build these relationships by expressing their own feeling and opinions this is done by the use of understandable language. They must communicate to the recipient in the language that he is going to understand. Communication becomes effective when the language that the two parties are using is well understood by them; this is the use of language. Language goes further than the oral talks but involve written information, body language, and electronic transfer of information. It is the language that we use that makes the world to have â€Å"sense† everything that is in the world gets a meaning when language is used to express its use. Problems only get a solution when the solvers can use the correct language. The innovations that is a good resultant aspect of education has its root in language; these spans from the general understanding of things as they are to specific analysis of a pa rticular case. Taking a traditional case, in each society there is culture that holds its people together, one of the major components of culture is language; this is because the language that is adopted by a particular society is unique in its own ways . Identity can be defined as the stable and fixed aspects of selfhood: things that you check off on census forms such as; Race or ethnicity, Nationality, Social class and Gender. The way someone uses his language is of importance to show his or her identity.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In African countries for example those people who belong to high class talk a different set of English, the way that they pronounce names is different from the other members, all over those people who are living in towns are associated with quality English and other languages, this is a tool that can be used to give the class its own status and class. Those from the village and rural area talk broken English. When language is the tool that is used to identify ethnicity, there are two sides of looking at it. One is that a person identifies himself as from a certain tribe or learns that the others are not of the same ethnicity. The choice of words that we use in the daily conversation gives the impression of what kind of a background that one has; the fact that some communities use some words to express different issues can be learnt. According to Ali G story, there are two sets of languages; they are vernacular and Standard English. When one is using either, the weight that the infor mation is going to be carried by is different. If we take the case of America, the black Americans and the Native Americans, if a black can talk vernacular the information that he converging is not seen as serious as the case would have been if he used Standard English. Standard English is seen to have few diversion of the original information and thus the message brought forward by it is seen as more serious. One who talks Standard English is seen as a Native American and thus the treatments will be as so. Standard English is then a show of sincerity and used to convey serious messages. When a combination of vernacular and Standard English is used, it gives the impression of areas that need more emphasis than others and them that can be taken lightly. The identity of the message identifies the sender’s feeling and identity at large. When the issue of ethnicity comes into picture, in most cases one does not need to say whether he is black or white since the skin color can tel l. Traditionally the skin was good enough to identify the ethnicity of the person concerned. The Asians and the Chinese have unique physical appearance that one only needs to look at them and you can tell the ethnicity. However, there are some countries that the colour cannot form basis of identity. One of this is the Hutus and Tutsi of Rwanda. During the Rwanda massacre fight, the tool that they used to identify ones tribe was only the language. This is so because they have similar physical appearances, they could talk the others language; but the way they pronounced some names made the difference and eventually lead to the identity that A belongs to this tribe and B the other. In the situation of computer based interaction; the exchangers of information are not at close vicinity of each other but they can identify their ethnicity by the language that they use in the interaction. There is the issue of national homogenize languages that a particular country may adopt, anyone who is coming in the country either as a visitor or a passer-by may not be aware of the language, when he communicate, then one can identify that he is of a different ethnicity. In most ethnic settings the old people are more versed with the language of the particular society, their selection of words is different from that of the youth which is influenced by education and modern time’s interactions. For example in Africa, there are diverse tribes that each has a different culture; the old population that mostly live in the rural areas and are less learnt, the youth stay in town centres that they have different tribes, their language is thus diluted by the interactions and the education that they have taken. When an old person who is from the village or a young people from the village is talking, the kind of language that he is going to use will be highly influenced by the traditional settings; this may be in the broken English or French (the learnt foreign language) or will have a deep understanding of the local language. With this one can easily identify the age and the social setting in terms of location that this person belongs to. Language and Participation When people are interacting with each other, their interaction is facilitated by communication among them; for an effective communication then the need for language cannot be over emphasized. There is need to express ones ideas in an appropriate way; in participation, may it be in games or activities, the players must understand each other, the language that they will use is of essence. Different situations call for different languages, the language that is used in a game situation is different from the one that is used in a job place. The language that the youth use is different from the one that the old use; this happens when they are talking to themselves or talking to others of different age groups. If one cannot express his or her ideas in the right way, he may not be resourceful as the situation demands. How well a group understands each other determines how productive they will be, when they use appropriate language they do it to benefit their members and most probably to keep off the opponents. An example of this is in football, the coach always have different language that can only be understood by the team that he is coaching and thus the opponents won’t know what instructions has been given. In military settings, there is unique language that is used to convey different aspects, the commands are given in a language that will only make sense to them but the enemy won’t understand. As a war tactic, the use of a word to mean completely different from the ordinary meaning; this is meant to confuse the enemy. In the entertainment sector, the language that is used to portray certain issues is the one that made the situation fun, the way that the conversation is developed and presented to the audience is in a humorous way; this is another way that the selection of language and the use of the right language are seen in practice. In children games there are repetitions of statements to make them attractive to them, the choice of the kind of word that will be used is different from the one that is going to be chosen for adolescents, the children language is that that promotes job and glorifies children playing; the one for adolescent is one that is educative. In the job place, the language that employees are supposed to use when addressing customers is different from the one that they use when addressing their fellow work mates. The language for customers has a soothing element aimed at building a strong brand name. The respect that the employees use on their seniors can be detected in the language that they use. When an individual is confronted by two conditions that require him to make a decision, the kind of language that he is going to use will determine the weight that the answer to the solution will be. When a parent is bringing up a ch ild, he uses different language in terms of tones, structure and the volume that he uses to ensure that the child is shaped in the way that the parent want. In this stage the child is taught on what to say if he is a man and what to say in the case of a woman, this reinforces the differences that are perceived to be prevailing between the male and female in the society. This means that as one undertakes the daily cores, there is a force i.e. language that can be used to define him. The parents always have a good time in reinforcing the language that they give their children to a point that even if the child decides to get another secondary language, it is affected by the original parent’s language. Gender Gender simply means being female or male; it is thus not used to refer to women only. In the subject of linguistic anthropology, the effect that language has played in the area of gender has been put in place. The language that the male use is different from the one that wom en use; the way that men stress, the tone that they use, the facial expression continues to affirm their dominance in the society. They are likely to use harsh voice. On the other hand, it is the use of the same language that women demand for their recognition and respect from the men dominated world. For example, a man is more likely to say a â€Å"NO†, to ensure that the woman fears and respects the man; with so doing then the domination of the man in the family continues. In such a situation if the woman is in real need of something done, then the language that she will use can make the man change the previous â€Å"NO†, she may use words like â€Å"Woooiyee my lovely husband please†. With this selection of words and the voicing that the woman is going to use, the husband can find himself compelling with the demands of the woman. When one has given his views and the way that he responds to different questions is the main subject that one’s belief is id entified as feminism or anti feminism. When a woman is issuing evidence in court; the selection of the words will make the difference; a woman combines emotional feeling to the situation and this may influence the decision of the court. A man’s evidence on the other hand is not taken with much weight since his voice is more standard and monotonous, the fact that he is a male gives him the disadvantage. The saying goes â€Å"Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus†; this means that they understand life differently. The meaning of a word makes different to the woman and man. When a man stresses a word, he does it to produce a certain meaning; some communities also have some words that are meant for men; in some communities it is regarded as taboo to even utter some words. This continues to enforce the gender differences. In rape cases, one of the reasons that have been put forward is that women do not report them; on the defence women have argued that they feel shy of ex pressing themselves. They have no words to explain what happened. On the other hand, in the small sub sexuality culture that human beings have; there is the language that is adopted and used into them, the gays, the lesbians and the heterosexuals have a different way in which they talk. There is the choice of words they use that make them stand out of the rest. If one does not understand the language, it is more likely that in the context of these people he might not understand what they are saying. This language is seen as internationally recognized and thus the continuity of certain sexuality is thus affected. For example a heterosexual man will use a soothing language when he is talking to a woman of whom he has sexual interests in; the woman on the other hand may use body language or by some sounds to give/ communicate that she has become aroused or interested in the man. This may be different in a gay sexuality. One communicate to others regarding his sexuality through the lang uage that he is going to portray when among the group, the language is the voices, the choice of words, the area that he is going to stress, body language and the contribution that he is going to make in general discussion. To send a signal of what I am in the social setting will be understood by those whom we practice similar sexuality. Whether it is in the area of gender or sexuality what language is aiming to give is the identity of a person. Those who want to be identified as women, men, homosexuals or gays are done by the language that we adopt. In Heterosexuality the woman in most cases is regarded as the weaker sex and is not expected to express / declare her sexual interest to a man, however, there are body language and other forms of communication that she can express her interests. Men on the other hand are seen as the one who has the sexuality advantage; the move he made and the selection of words that he uses communicate his interests. By this belief that the woman shoul d not have the authority of expressing what she feels, then it continues to reinforce men dominance in the society. Gender differences are seen again with this. There is a funny situation that is portrayed by heterosexual people, the power of a woman to say a direct no to sexual advances is mostly misunderstood; when a man approach a woman, and the woman is not willing to have sex, by her saying â€Å"no† is interpolated as a way of asking the man to beg and put more effort. The word â€Å"no† said by a woman is interpolated to mean somehow there is consent; on the other hand, a â€Å"yes† to sexual advances is interpreted to show a weak woman sexually. With this belief rape cases pose a great challenge to prove that the woman really was not willing, if the woman said no, then it can be miss- interpolated that she actually was saying yes in another way; if she was saying yes, then there was no rape. At the same time, it is expected that the woman should provoke a man before sexual advances has been made; prove is on the woman to show that actually he did not provoke the man. This has been an area of controversy in court cases; the feminisms advocate for word to word interpreted. In cases of homosexual, when a sexual advance has been made, the â€Å"she-man† is expected to use an understandable language to show his consent; a mere saying of â€Å"no† may hold the same weight as that said by a heterosexual woman, however if the no is with a commanding voice it is regarded as a holding no. In this society, the she-man has the responsibility of attracting the partner, despite the heterosexual counterfeits; they are empowered to approach their partner. The kind of grammar that one uses is influenced by the language that he uses. American grammar is different from English grammar. Grammar is a product of how a person has been taught as far as the use of language is concerned. In American English for instance they have some words th at don’t have a â€Å"u† the pronunciation of these words is without the â€Å"u†. The same word is written differently in Queens English, they are for example â€Å"honor†- this is the American version and â€Å"honour† the Queen’s English version, another way is in the use of â€Å"S† and â€Å"Z†. In the American English, there is the use of â€Å"Z† in areas that the Queens English uses an â€Å"s†. An example of this is socialization this is in American English and Socialisation in Queens English. If one is reading a text that is written by two people one an American and the other by a Briton, then by looking into such areas, then one can know who is who, this show the role that the use of language can help in identifying the identity of an individual, the need for a physical intersection is not required since language can communicate this. There are also some words that mean the same but the way that they ar e spelled in different settings are different, this is not only in the omission of a certain letter or the use of a letter in place of another, but it means a total new name. An example of this is the word interpolation in American English and interplatation in Queens English. Both the above words mean to have a deeper analysis. Interpolation is not found in Queens English Dictionary and the same case with interplatation. When one is identified to belong to a certain setting the possibility of favours or racism treatment will be experienced. The use of Shrub language of some names can also be another area that language can be used to show identity. Some areas pronounce the same word with a shrub accent while others do not. An example of this is the pronunciation of the word â€Å"issue† to an American it is pronounced as â€Å"isiu† and to a Briton it is an ‘ishuu†. When one is conversing, it becomes very easy to realize the nationality of the person by the way he is going to pronounce this name   (Baym, 2007). Conclusion Literature is any written material describing certain social, economic, and political environment of the issue that can be conveyed orally, through facial expressions, writings, acting, body language, symbols and signs. Every human, physical, historical, and social activity forms part of literature, thus literature continues to grow and take shape every moment in time. Language is part literature that used to define human personalities, nationality, tribe, beliefs, and opinions among other. It can be used to reinforce some believes in the society, these beliefs include gender existence, the dominance of men, sexuality, and racialism. Reference Baym, N.(2007). The Norton Anthology American Literature: Beginnings to 1865. New York: W W Norton Co Inc. 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Music Piracy essays

Music Piracy essays On September 19, 2003, the Federal Communications Commission filed 196 lawsuits against citizens who were pirating music. The people ranged from a ten year-old girl to a seventy-five-year old grandfather, who had allowed his grandchildren to use his computer. The suits were filed against down-loaders who had pirated well over 800 songs. Only recently has the issue of file sharing become an out-of-control problem. The public is fascinated with having access to music without paying, or paying very little for it. Although down-loading is a common activity in households today, the FCC and artists alike find file sharing to be a hobby which must come to an end. Typically, the first step to promoting an album is to release the single on the radio. The audience grows affection for this song, and cannot wait for the C.D. to come out. However, thanks to the internet, people can have access to the single right after its radio release. File sharing solves the issue of waiting months to hear one particular song. In some cases, that one single happens to be the only good song on the album. Rather than pay eighteen dollars for twelve songs, in which only one holds significance, listeners are now downloading that solo track for free. Unknown bands also have a chance to introduce their music to the world; posting tracks online helps the musicians gain a following without going through a major record label. Websites such as Napster were a success because visitors could download as many songs as they liked without paying a dime. Eventually, the FCC found means to shut down the site, which led to the creation of such sites as Kazaa and Morpheus. Kazaa allows visitors to download up to two hundred songs before they have to pay a fee. After that, they are charged around ninety-nine cents a song. Napster made a comeback in the fall of 2002 by charging down-loaders around ninety cents a song. However, this minor charge came about only recently ...

Running Groups For Adults Who Have Profound Mental Retardation Essay

Running Groups For Adults Who Have Profound Mental Retardation - Essay Example Right from the time the group is set up to the time it completes its tasks, objectives, or goals, persons with special needs have to be at the center stage of every activity being undertaken. The team leader and all other members in the group have to be conscious about their colleagues who have profound mental retardation. The leader should set operational strategies for the group in such a way that accounts for every single individual on board. The activities that need to be undertaken in regard to persons with profound mental retardation in a group setting might not be met all at once. However, a time to time approach to these activities can be adopted in line with the group schedules over the entire time the group will remain operational. In order to do this, team leadership skills have to be eminent. While the priority in this case is to be as helpful as possible to the group members with profound mental retardation, the other part of the group cannot be solely ignored (Sonnentag & Volmer, 2010). It is fundamental to consider and balance all matters of concern in the group. In order to ensure a smooth run of the group, skills training comes in handy. This does not necessarily have to only involve the group members and their leader, but can also involve an expert in the field of dealing with persons with profound mental retardation. This expert can be an institutional staff or any other person that the group is comfortable working with. The involvement of an expert in the group matters enables the group to manage any merging issues that may negatively affect the overall success of the group. On the same note, when there is an essentially qualified and experienced advisor or mentor to guide the group, the integration of all ideas and arguments of individual members is easy. Moreover, this enables understanding and

Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Changes - Essay Example Fertility decline and population aging will have a dramatic effect on society and if these problems are nor addressed will only become more severe in the future. The increase in age population will also increase the population ratio to population dependency. There will be problems with the long term care of the elderly. The costs of that dependency is born by the Government and ultimately by a society through taxes in an ever diminishing workforce due to a decline in fertility. Of course a decline in the birthrate will leave a short fall in all forms of employment both professional and menial. There will definitely be a labor shortage. The decline in birthrate effects the living arrangements of the elderly. There are more elderly living alone and the strong family support that is prevalent in most societies will weaken.With less family to help , the elderly persons financial position will also weaken and lead to serious financial difficulties. Immigration has always been one of the answers to labor shortage throughout the world. â€Å"Large-Scale Immigration is Suggested as a Solution to Declining Workforces in Western Nations.†(Wikipedia.) This alone will not solve the problem and major changed to government policies will be needed to buck the trend of low fertility. The distance between the working life and family life will be needed to be brought closer together to encourage families to have more children. Issues such as child care subsidies and parental work policies taking in flexible work hours and parental leave need to be looked at. Quality and affordable childcare will need to be provided. Although Government policies to reverse the trend of low birthrate and the consequent aging population will be slow and the benefits will not be seen for many years but these issues need to be addressed now in Germany and Italy to ensure a fruitful future for both

Critique about how a newspaper, news magazine, website or essay

Critique about how a newspaper, news magazine, website or reports or discusses a mental health issue - Essay Example According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, (DSM-IV) the diagnostic features of Asperger’s Disorder include challenges with social interaction, and â€Å"the development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities† (p. 75). There must also be â€Å"clinically significant† impairment in â€Å"social, occupational or other important areas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 77). Although the information is not totally certain about Asberger’s Disorder, the DSM-IV states that it â€Å"appears to be† (p. 76) more attributed to males. Freckelton and List (2009) state that Asberger’s Disorder is often called â€Å"high functioning autism† (p. 17) and that most of the children or adults with this disorder â€Å"do not show their emotions through facial expressions† (p. 17). There are often sensory problems and gross motor problems (Freckelton & List, 2009). Freckelton and List (2 009) also state that males are more apt to have the disorder than females and 20 percent of fathers and only five percent of mothers may have the disease, thus making it hereditary. The basic issue raised in this articles was that this young boy was killed by the police on purpose. The initial gunshot was in the child’s arm and it seemed that two other officers who responded to the call panicked, and shot the boy in the head. The mother states, â€Å"they murdered my boy†¦they didn’t have to kill him† (Fox Chicago News, 2012, para. 5). The news reporters attempted to report the facts of the case as they knew it but there were two sides of the situation. The police said that the boy was lunging at them with a knife and they had no other choice but to shoot him. The mother and father state that the boy had a butter knife and that the officers could have shot him in the leg again or something, but that they did not have to kill him. Of course, an

The Different Roles Of The Registered Nurse

The Different Roles Of The Registered Nurse Registered Nurses (RNs) provide many different services to health care consumers in a variety of settings. Some things nurses do on a daily basis offer a unique contribution to health care, whereas others can be done by other health team members. Professional nursing offers a specialized service to society. Professional nurses use a broad approach when considering holistic health need of the people they serve. Because of the broad nature of the discipline, nurses assume multiple roles while meeting health care needs of clients. For this reason, this paper would be discussing the role of the registered nurse in health care delivery. We would also discuss the professional standard and expectations for registered nurse. The quality assurance and confidentiality issues would then be discussed. In addition, this paper would explore the responsibility of the employers in hiring new health care staff. This would then include the employers expectation regarding competencies. Finally, a conclusion would be provided in order to highlight important details discussed in the paper. Different Roles of the Registered Nurse Primary Caregiver As a caregiver, the nurse practices nursing as a science. The nurse provides intervention to meet physical, psychosocial, spiritual, and environmental needs of patients and families using the nursing process and critical thinking skills. The nurse as a caregiver is skilled and empathetic, knowledgeable and caring. RNs provide direct, hands on care to patients in all health care agencies and settings. They also take an active role in illness prevention and health promotion and maintenance (Chitty, 2005; Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006; Masters, 2009). Nurse Leader/Coordinator The Nurse Coordinator role is unique. It is a vital part of the multidisciplinary care team for patients and contributes to improved patient outcomes. The core functions of the Nurse Coordinator role centre around the patients physical and psychosocial assessment, care coordination, education and support, from coordinating the patients diagnostic work-up tests to assisting them to navigate the hospital system, and referring them to allied health professionals. The Coordinator is an important resource for the patient and family and acts as a focal point of contact throughout their time in the hospital (ANMC, 2006; Hood Leddy, 2006). Incorporated in this advanced practice role, the Nurse Coordinator is responsible for maintaining clinical competencies and participating in those activities that contribute to the ongoing development of self and other health care professionals. The Nurse Coordinator contributes to the educational needs of clinical nurses and participates in both informal and formal education programs at a national and international level (ANMC, 2006; Hood Leddy, 2006). Patient Advocate The purpose of this role is to respect patient decisions and boost patient autonomy. Patient advocacy includes a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship to secure self-determination, protections of patients right and acting as an intermediary between patients and their significant others and healthcare providers (Blais et al., cited in Masters, 2009). A patient advocate is mainly concerned with empowering the patient through the nurse-patient relationship. The nurse represents the interests of the patient who has needs that are unmet and are likely to remain unmet without the nurses special intervention. The professional nurse speaks for the patients interest as if the patients interests were the nurses own (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006; MacDonald, 2006: Masters, 2009). Nurse Educator Nurse educators teach patients and families, the community, other health care team members, students and businesses. In hospital settings as patient and family educators, nurses provide information about illnesses and teach about medications, treatments and rehabilitation needs. They also help patients understand how to deal with the life changes necessitated by chronic illnesses and teach how to adapt care to the home setting when that is required (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006). Nurse as Collaborator Collaboration is important in professional nursing practice as a way to improve patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary teams require collaborative practice, and nurses play a key role as both team members and team leaders. To fulfill a collaborative role, nurses need to assume accountability and increased authority in practice areas. Collaboration requires that nurses understand and appreciate what other health professionals have to offer. They must also be able to interpret to others the nursing needs of patients. Collaboration with patients and families is also essential. Involving patients and their families in the plan of care from the beginning is the best way to ensure their cooperation, enthusiasm and willingness to work toward the best patient outcome (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006). Nurse Practitioner A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse educated and authorized to function autonomously and collaboratively in an advanced and extended clinical role. The nurse practitioner role includes assessment and management of clients using nursing knowledge and skills and may include but is not limited to, the direct referral of patients to other health care professionals, prescribing medications and ordering diagnostic investigations. The nurse practitioner role is grounded in the nursing professions values, knowledge, theories and practice and provides innovative and flexible health care delivery that complements other health care providers. The scope of practice of the nurse practitioner is determined by the context in which the nurse practitioner is authorized to practice. (ANMC, 2006; Carryer, Gardner, G., Dunn, Gardner, A., 2007). Professional Standards and Expectations for Registered Nurses Standards within a professional practice are known as statements of an authoritative nature through which the profession to which they relate to provide a unique description of the responsibilities of all practitioners within that profession (Campbell Mackay, 2001). Further, the standards and expectations are in place to ensure that all practitioners are also accountable for the work and duties they perform. When it comes to nursing, this is done in order to create boundaries and to provide a level of care that is equitable for all patients. Further, the priorities and values of nurses must be common to each nurse within the profession, and the standards and expectations outlines this as such (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, Fitzgerald, Wash, Borbasi, 2002; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Schiemann, 2007; Furaker, 2008). While standards will vary in specifics across nursing specializations, and across countries, there is a general mindset as to what is expected of nurses in terms of expectations and standards. They are intended to provide daily guidance to nurses as they practice. Accountability, ethics, competence, knowledge, and the practical application of knowledge are key elements that are common to all nursing standards and expectations (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, et al., 2002; AACN, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Schiemann, 2007; Furaker, 2008 ). Nurses are required to be held accountable for every action that they take on a daily basis. This requires constant documentation of every element of their daily job, and following a chain of command within their select position. They are also required to maintain ethical standards within their practice, and to follow all ethical guidelines as set forth by their governing body of nursing. Furthermore, nurses are expected to have a set amount of knowledge before they enter the field of practitioner work, and with that knowledge set come an expectation of competence and practical application. Nurses are expected to be competent in their knowledge base such that they know and understand what they are supposed to in the medical field, and also, are supposed to know how to apply that knowledge in a practical manner (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, et al., 2002; AACN, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008). Quality Assurance Quality Assurance is another issue that is common across all standards and expectations for nurses. Through this, quality assurance standards ensure that nurses are practicing with quality efforts which in itself promote their competence and practical applications. This will require continuous education on the part of the individual nurse, as quality assurance standards across many medical centers, cities, and countries are in a constant state of evolution. It is the responsibility of the nurse practitioner to understand their quality assurance expectations at all times (Ellis Hartley, 2004; Hood Leddy, 2006). Confidentiality Confidentiality is another element of most standards and expectations for nurses. This is a requirement that nurses do not have an option to practice or not. Legislation and privacy concerns are in effect all across the globe, and nurses have the expectation that they will maintain confidential and private information for their patients within the patient doctor realm. Patients use medical services under the understanding that their information and medical records are not being seen by the wrong person, or found in the wrong hands, and because nurses have the most contact between patient and doctor, these are standards of paramount significance to the nursing profession (Deshefy-Longhi, Dixon, Olsen, Grey, 2004, Ellis Hartley, 2004; Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Masters, 2009). Employers Responsibility in Hiring New Health Care Staff The employer of an organization has an inherent duty to employ competent staff. This is not only cost-effective on the part of the employer but also guarantee in some ways that the products and services provided by the organization are competently given to the end-users. In the context of health care employees, such as the RNs there is an accreditation scheme to ensure the capacity of the RNs to carry out his/her job. In this manner, the employers responsibility to screen the professional capacity of the RN is significantly simplified. Seeking only the certification of the newly hired RN will guarantee that he/she has satisfied the minimum requirements of training, licensure, and communication proficiency to carry out his/her role as health professional. Having the employer check the credentials of the newly hired RN as well as his/her certification with authorities will allow the employer to measure the RN capability to perform his/her jobs in the organization (Ellis Hartley, 2004; Hart, Olson Fredrickson, McGovern, 2006). Â   Employers Expectations Regarding Competencies Registered nurses should appraise their strengths, weaknesses and preferences. The RNs must ensure that there is a good match between their abilities and employers expectations. Ellis and Hartley (as cited in Chitty, 2005) suggest that RNs examine themselves in seven areas in which employers have expectations. Theoretical knowledge should be adequate to provide basic patient care and to make clinical judgments. Employers expect RN to be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of patient problems, such as an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion, and take the appropriate nursing action, that is, discontinue the transfusion. They are expected to know potential problems related to various patients conditions. (p. 212) The ability to use the nursing process systematically as a means of planning care is important. Employers evaluate nurses understanding of the phases of the process: assessment, analysis, nursing diagnosis/outcome identification, planning, intervention and evaluation. They expect nurses to ensure that all elements of a nursing care plan are used in delivering nursing care and that there is documentation in the patients record to that effect. (p. 213) Self-awareness is critically important. Employers ask prospective employees to identify their own strengths and weaknesses. They need to know that new nurses are willing to ask for help and recognize their limitations. New graduates who are unable or unwilling to request for help pose a risk to patients-a risk that employers are unwilling to accept. (p. 213) Documentation ability is an increasingly important skill that employers value. Employers expect RN to recognize what patient data should be charted and to know that all nursing care should be entered in patient records. (p. 213) Work ethic is another area in which employers are vitally interested. Work ethic means that prospective RN employees understand what is expected of them and are committed to providing it. Employers expect new graduates to recognize that the most desirable positions and work hours do not usually go to entry-level workers in any field. In the nursing profession, a nurse cannot leave work until patient care responsibilities have been turned over to a qualified replacement; therefore, being late to work or calling in sick when not genuinely incapacitated are luxuries professional nurses cannot afford. (p. 213) Skill proficiency of new graduates varies widely, and employers are aware of this. Most large facilities now provide fairly lengthy orientation periods, during which each nurses skills are appraised and opportunities are provided to practice new procedures. In general, smaller and rural facilities have less formalized orientation programs, and earlier independent functioning is expected. (p. 213) Speed of functioning is another area in which new nurses vary widely. By the end of a well-planned orientation period, the new graduate should be able to manage the average patient load without too much difficulty. Time management is a skill that is closely related to speed of functioning. The ability to organize and prioritize nursing care for a group of patients is the key to good time management. (p. 214) Conclusion Through time nurses have advanced their roles into various spheres of practice, and this progression seems set to continue as healthcare continues to evolve. Whatever the reason, central to role extension should be the delivery of safe care to all patients, with the support of the multi- disciplinary team to ensure good standards of patient care. Nurses should ensure that each activity performed when advancing a role should complement the current job, one which they are competent in. Nurses should guard themselves against litigation and carefully consider what they really want to do, as each practitioner is accountable for their actions and should be aware of the legal implications of practice within the process of advancing professional practice.

Microsoft :: essays research papers

Wednesday, many government sources confirmed that Justice Department lawyers have proposed splitting Microsoft Corp. as a remedy for the company's allegedly anti-competitive behavior. The proposal was discussed over the weekend at a secret meeting of officials from the U.S. government and 19 states that have sued Microsoft. The position of the Federal government and the states was presented to Federal Mediator Richard Posner last Monday, which was the filing deadline. Posner has been meeting in Chicago with state and federal prosecutors every Monday and with the company each Tuesday. Microsoft spokesman Mark Murray said "I can't speculate on what the government is thinking." He called the proposal "an extreme and radical proposal that is not justified by anything in the case and doesn't reflect the reality of the competitive industry." The company also said, "it is ironic that anyone would be talking about breaking up Microsoft at the time that America Online and Time Warner completed the largest merger in history designed to compete with Microsoft." The government's endorsement of a break-up, considered the "death penalty" among possible remedies, could encourage Microsoft to seek a lesser sanction during settlement talks. But it could also delay negotiations and encourage Microsoft to battle the case through America's courts for years. What isn’t known is exactly how the government plans on restructuring Microsoft. Much speculation has focused on the idea of dividing the software giant into three separate companies. One would build the Windows operating system, another that sells software applications and a third for Internet business. However, at least one source told the Associated Press that such a three sector Microsoft is not planned. Rather, Page 2 according to the source, the government wants to force the creation of a series of smaller, duplicate companies, nicknamed "Baby Bills," that would compete against each other. Breaking up Microsoft into smaller companies would be "stupid because it just creates confusion in the marketplace," said Michael Cusumano, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who has written about Microsoft's battle with the former Netscape Communications Corp. "The break-up sounds like a mess to me," he said. The market responded because Microsoft shares closed down 3-9/16 at 105-13/16 on Wednesday. In November, U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson agreed with federal prosecutors in a preliminary finding that Microsoft stifled innovation in the computer industry. Prosecutors have charged the company used its dominant position in operating systems to coerce PC makers to use its software, especially its Internet browser.

Compare war poems Essay

Many terrible things happened in World War 1 or the Great War. For me one of the main points were the injustice of it all, how the officer class treated the young ordinary soldiers, mostly from the working class, I have chosen two poems by Siegfried Sassoon which pick up on these themes â€Å"Base Details† and â€Å"Does It Matter? † In both these poems, Sassoon uses sarcasm to magnify his feelings of both anger and frustration, and this makes both poems particularly poignant. In â€Å"Base Details†, Sassoon portrays the role of an army commander back at headquarters (â€Å"the Base†), well away from the front line. As soon as you read â€Å"Base Details you can tell how much Sassoon hates these base areas, in which the generals lay behind. The sarcasm he uses is so utterly obvious of his hatred and he shows this by using a simple rhyming scheme as if a ? Even in the title, Sassoon begins his sarcasm by punning on the word â€Å"Base† i. e. describing both the place, but also the â€Å"base† behaviour in his view of the people there. Sassoon shows his disgust for such people by portraying men who took themselves so seriously, in their bright red uniforms: â€Å"If I were fierce†¦ I’d live with scarlet Majors†¦ â€Å", but are in reality pathetic, puffing figures: â€Å"†¦ bald, and short of breath† What Sassoon particularly hated was how these pompous people sent miserable young men to die at the Front: â€Å"†¦ speed glum heroes up the line to death† Whilst they were safely tucked away at Base, eating and drinking the best of food and wine: â€Å"Guzzling and gulping in the best hotel† It was so irritating hearing the patronising words of sympathy: â€Å"†¦ poor young chap, I used to know his father well† And of course when the war was over, these officers could return safely and uninjured to England, unlike countless millions of ordinary soldiers and other officers: â€Å"And when the war is done and youth stone dead, I’d toddle safely home and die – in bed. † Every line drips with sarcasm which powerfully brings out the unfairness of how the war was conducted. This brings me to my second point, and what happened when the many injured soldiers returned to Britain, which is what is â€Å"Does it Matter? † is about. In this poem, Sassoon deals with soldiers with physical and mental injuries of all sorts. â€Å"†¦ losing your legs† â€Å"†¦ losing your sight† â€Å"†¦ those dreams from the pit† Having returned, people at home tried to be nice and understanding, but really had no appreciation of how these words would be felt as patronising and how it is to feel you are being pitied in this way. Sassoon again uses a form of sarcasm here, although less bitter than in â€Å"Base Details†. In each of the three stanzas of this poem, Sassoon asks with irony: â€Å"Does it matter? † that the soldier had such and such an injury when it clearly matters whether you have lost you legs, or sight or are going out of your mind with awful nightmares. In each case he paints a picture of how hurtful and frustrating it was for these soldiers to hear people at home almost dismiss their injuries, when they can then happily go about their own lives in a way that the soldiers cannot: â€Å"†¦ when the others come in after hunting (with legs! )† It really was so patronising, even if unintentional, to say: â€Å"There is such splendid work for the blind† Or â€Å"And people won’t say that you’re mad; For they’ll know that you fought for your country And no one will worry a bit. † It is really like saying â€Å"there, there† to a child. War is always an awful thing, and causes much misery for all concerned. In the above poems about the Great War, Sassoon focused on two aspects, the awful unfairness of how ordinary soldiers were sent to their death by useless and vain superiors, and the anguish of those who returned injured caused by the patronising pity of those at home.

Essay on Epigenetics

Essay on Epigenetics Essay on Epigenetics Essay on Epigenetics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Epigenetics is the study of cellular and physiological traits that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence but they are triggered by chemical reactions that activate and deactivate parts of the genome and in specific locations. Therefore, epigenetics is the study of chemical reactions and factors that influence them. Hypothetically, epigenetics has the huge potential in terms of the uncovering genetic development of organisms, including humans, and the impact of chemical reactions that occur under the impact of various factors and affect genome activation and deactivation in specific locations. In this regard, further studies and development of epigenetics is essential but the impact and role of epigenetics should not be overestimated to make findings in this field applicable in the modern science, especially medicine and health care services.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, the develop ment of epigenetics opens new perspectives for the further study of cancer prevention. The problem of the cancer prevention is one of the most challenging in the modern society because cancer involves cell mutations. Cell mutations involve transformations that eventually result in the development of cancer. Therefore, cancer is triggered by cellular mutations, which nature is unclear and researchers focus on the study of the development of effective mechanisms of forecasting of such mutations. To put it more precisely, current studies cannot explain why mutations occur and what factors are determinant for the mutation of cells. Factors that trigger cell mutation are not absolutely clear.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emergence of the epigenetics helps to develop effective mechanisms of forecasting of possible cell mutations. To put it more precisely, epigenetics creates conditions for understanding mechanism of cell mutations. Cell mutations occur under the impact of chemical reactions that lead to changes and mutations in cells. As epigenetics studies those chemical reactions that trigger activation or deactivation of genomoe, then the study of those chemical reactions and their impact on genome can also help to uncover how various chemical reactions influence cell mutations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, epigenetics can help to find out factors that influence specific chemical reactions, including those which cause cell mutations leading to the development of cancer in patients. In such a way, epigenetics open new horizons for scientific studies in the field of cancer study. At any rate, epigenetics can definitely help to understand better causes and mechanism of development of cancer and identify the major risk factors that cause cell mutations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, it is important to assess the potential of epigenetics adequately. For example, in case of the cancer treatmen t, the impact of epigenetics is currently overestimated frequently. To put it more precisely, epigenetics opens new opportunities for better understanding of causes of cancer and factors that can become drivers of irrevocable changes at the cellular level. However, epigenetics does not and cannot offer the universal remedy for the treatment of cancer. Instead, epigenetics just gives insights into better understanding of roots of the problem.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists, in their turn, should keep working on the treatment of cancer using the new knowledge brought into the modern science by epigenetics. The understanding of causes of the disease and revelation of risk factors can help scientists to elaborate effective methods of the prevention of the disease as well as find effective approaches to its treatment. For example, focusing on risk factors and main driving forces of the development of cancer, scientists can develop new remedies and methods of treat ment of cancer that minimize the impact of risk factors and drivers causing the disease. The expansion of scientific knowledge of cancer can help to understand the most effective ways of its prevention and treatment.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, epigenetics and its contribution to the treatment and prevention of cancer should not be overestimated. In fact, epigenetics is not a miraculous science that will provide health care professionals with a magical pill that will cure all patients from cancer. Even now, at the current level of the development of medicine and epigenetics, it is clear that cancer is a complex health problem that emerges under the impact of multiple factors (True Lindquist, 2000). Moreover, there are no universal cases of the development and treatment of cancer. Instead, each case is unique, in its own way. Therefore, it would be an error to expect the universal remedy or method of the prevention of cancer, a sort of vaccine again st cancer, from the further development of epigenetics.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, the positive impact of epigenetics on the development of medicine and treatment of cancer is obvious. In fact, epigenetics allows having a deeper view on roots of cancer and cell mutations. This is why this information may be useful for researchers, who study the problem of cancer, its development, treatment and prevention. Epigenetics can provide scientists with valuable information about cancer and cell mutation. More important, epigenetics uncovers specific chemical reactions and their impact on genome and, therefore, cell response on those chemical reactions. The study of such responses may help to uncover new properties of cells that can be used further in the treatment of cancer or in the prevention of the disease.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, the potential and scope of epigenetics should not be narrowed down to the problem of cance r alone. In fact, epigenetics opens wide opportunities to enhance studies in the field of medicine, biology, zoology and other fields of science. In some directions, epigenetics can help to make a breakthrough in the development of some fields of science. This is why one should never narrow the scope and potential of epigenetics. The understanding of chemical reactions and genome activation and deactivation are extremely important for understanding of fundamental principles of the development of living beings and their functioning in the course of their existence.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, whatever the development of epigenetics leads the science to, one’s longevity depends not only on scientific findings but also on personal choices and lifestyle. To put it more precisely, the longevity and quality of life depends on the lifestyle of individuals. If they lead a sedative lifestyle, they are more likely to develop various health problems. On the contrary, active lifestyle leads to the minimization of risks of the development of serious health problems.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the development of modern science should come hand in hand with personal consciousness and understanding of the importance of the healthy lifestyle as one of the effective ways of prevention of the development of serious health problems. In this regard, findings in such fields as epigenetics are helpful for the prevention of such diseases as cancer but, overall, it is the individual, his/her environment and lifestyle that determine, to a significant extent his/her physical condition.